Archive for nigeriang

Nigeria, Angola seek partnership over Guinea Bissau

Nigeria, Angola seek partnership over Guinea Bissau

Political leaders from Nigeria and Angola met over the weekend
to discuss practical ways of addressing the problem of instability and poor
governance in the Republic of Guinea Bissau.

Idi Hong, minister of state for foreign affairs, received a
visit from George Chicoty, a special envoy from the President of Angola on Friday.

However, Mr Hong told journalists that he could not disclose the
details of the discussions, only saying that Nigeria, which currently holds the
leadership for the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) has
convoked an ordinary session of ECOWAS Heads of states to discuss the issue.

“We are already aware of the agreements and resolutions that
have been taken,” said Mr Hong. “Angola is the chair of Portuguese-speaking
countries, and with Guinea Bissau being a Portuguese-speaking nation, they are
interested about the resolution of this matter; that is why they are here.”

Mr Chicoty said that Angola and Nigeria share a good bilateral
relationship and he wanted to deploy this relationship in addressing the Guinea
Bissau challenge.

“We share a common view on security issues in Africa and in this
particular case, we do share views about how to restore security in Guinea
Bissau,” Mr Chicoty said.

He said both governments want to contribute to peace in Guinea
Bissau and said that Angola has already made a contribution of $20 million to
the security and defence reform sector in the country.

In September, ECOWAS met to discuss whether to send troops to
stabilise the deteriorating security situation in the nation. The country has
been plagued by coups and drug trafficking since independence from Portugal in
1974.

United Nations officials say Guinea Bissau’s tiny scattered
islands have become a hub for the drug trade between Latin America and Europe.

Billions of dollars worth of cocaine is believed to pass through the
impoverished state each year. A number of political slayinglast year, including
that of Guinea-Bissau’s president, army chief and a presidential candidate, are
likely linked to the trade, they said.

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Government pledges commitment to promotion of non-oil export

Government pledges commitment to promotion of non-oil export

President Goodluck Jonathan on Tuesday, in Abuja, said that the
federal government will provide an enabling environment to ensure that more
non-oil products are exported from Nigeria.

“The non-oil sector of the Nigerian economy has traditionally
played a vital role in our national economic development, particularly in the
area of providing foreign exchange earnings and revenue for governments,” he
said, at the opening of the Non-Oil Conference, Exhibition and Awards (NNECA)
2010.

He said Nigeria could remain among the poorest countries of the
world if it continues to rely on development paradigms crafted abroad. In the
same vein, the president expressed determination to address the infrastructural
deficiencies which serve as impediments to the nation’s industrial growth.

His administration, according to him, has taken cognizance of
infrastructural deficiencies and was ready to address the hydra-headed
problems, which he said was vital to rapid transformation of the economy.

Self-developed paradigms

Mr. Jonathan, who was represented at the event by Jubril
Martins-Kuye, the minister of commerce and industry, said the only way the
country can prepare itself for 2020 as one of the most developed twenty
economies in the world is to have a self-developed paradigm.

“The vision must be indigenous, not imported or borrowed, and
must be owned by the people. Only visions that are owned by the people, because
they have been arrived by consensus after extensive dialogue and debate can
become shared national values,” he said.

Stressing that the singular most visible and significant
contribution of the non-oil to the socio-economic well-being was in the area of
providing empowerment and employment for the vast majority of Nigerians, he
regretted the self-actualization of Nigerians had been jeopardized as a result
of the real sector not performing to create jobs.

Mr. Jonathan noted that the non-oil sector of the economy has
traditionally played a vital role in the nation’s economic development,
particularly in the area of providing foreign earnings and revenue for
government.

The president urged the nation to learn a lesson from Malaysian
exports in palm oil, which has its origin in Nigeria, by applying their mastery
of applied science and technology harnessed for industrial domestication of the
palm oil.

Jose Maurel, director of special advisory services at the
Commonwealth Secretariat, in his address at the event, noted that for Nigeria
to improve its non-export figures, it should prioritise development of adequate
infrastructure, especially power and ICTS.

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Banks are still not lending

Banks are still not lending

Despite relative stability and gradual return to profit, banks’ third quarter results show that they are still reluctant to expand their asset creation in respect to loan grants, especially to the private sector.

“An analysis of the key parameters on the balance sheet shows that UBA total assets remained relatively flat, declining marginally by 0.4 percent,” Afrinvest, an investment banking and research firm, said.

“We also observed a decline in the bank’s lending activities in quarter three. The bank’s loan portfolio was subsequently down by 4.2 percent to N636.2 billion, from the N664.2 billion reported in quarter two 2010,” the firm added.

“The bank’s inability to grow its loan book during the quarter led to a slow growth in net interest income. The Q3 net interest income of N27.1 billion falls short of an average of N33.9 billion reported in Q1 and Q2. We expect the bank to be more aggressive in its risk generation appetite and also channel more of its assets into higher income earning assets.

“Currently, 24.2 percent (N402.5 billion) of the bank’s total assets are placed in the inter-bank market where yields were an average of 7.9 percent during the quarter,” the firm further said.

Guaranty Trust Bank’s third quarter result, however, reveals that loans and advances to customers increased to N545 billion, from N532 billion at the end of quarter two, 2010.

Central Bank’s policy not reflecting

Samir Gadio, emerging Markets Strategist, Standard Bank, said the Central Bank’s accommodative policy stance between 2009 and September 2010 has not really reflected in lending to the real sector.

“According to the Central Bank, the growth rate in credit to the private sector fell to a record low of 4.5 percent year on year (y/y ) in August, from 9.8 percent y/y in July and 18.1 percent y/y in June. Although aggregate private sector credit extension edged up 2.0 percent in monthly terms to N10.1trillion, from N9.9 trillion in July, it has only increased 0.4 percent year to date (Ytd).

“This means the Central Bank’s accommodative policy stance between 2009 and September 2010 has not resulted in a turnaround in lending to the real economy, which we think reflects the intrinsic weakness of the monetary transmission mechanism, amid structural issues in the banking system,” Mr. Gadio said.

Experts have said the tightening in monetary conditions during the last Monetary Policy Committee, held in September, is likely to further impact credit dynamics as the Central Bank hiked the standing deposit facility by 225 basis points (bpts) to 3.25 percent. This, they say, may curtail liquidity and place upward pressure on money market rates.

However, a source at Spring Bank said the bank’s lending is fast improving.

“I can’t speak for other banks, but I know Spring Bank is lending. Even if you want a loan, just come to the bank and get a form. Once you meet with the basic requirements, why won’t you get a loan?” he said.

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Seven or ten inches?

Seven or ten inches?

Last week, Apple’s boss, Steve Jobs, ridiculed the seven-inch tablets, which are poised to become the next thing in the computer market. Mr. Jobs said, “seven-inch tablets are tweeners, too big to compete with a smart phone and too small to compete with the iPad. The current crop of seven-inch tablets are going to be dead on arrival.”

When someone who has more or less been single-handedly responsible for revolutionalising the smartphone industry speaks, you must listen. Again, his 10-inch product has sold almost eight million units since its launch less than a year ago. So, he must be on to something.

But before we go on, a disclaimer here. I disagree with Mr. Jobs, and I will explain. First, we must define what a tablet is, and why Mr. Jobs’ comments are very important.

2011 is the year of the tablet. A “tablet” is a computer contained entirely in a flat touch screen that uses the fingers or a stylus as the primary input device in the place of a keyboard or mouse. It is a generally accepted precept in computing that there is a functional wasteland which manufacturers are struggling to fill because it is potentially very lucrative. This functional wasteland is the void between full productivity and pocketability.

For devices that give users full productivity, the main concerns are content creation, productivity, the ability to sit down for long periods at your computer, and the ability to type with both hands. Devices that fall into this category include your desktop computer (some of you have those 42 inch screens, others do six screens at once), your laptop (13 to 17 inch screens), and your netbooks (10 inch screens).

Availability and size

For devices that give users pocketability, the main concern is high availability and size. High availability simply means that the device should be ready to go at all times (hence, a lot of research is going into instant booting).

Devices that fall into this category are also geared for entertainment, and the ability to do some basic productive tasks on the move, with a view to synching when you want to really work. All smart phones and PDAs fall into this category. Most of them have five inch screens or smaller.

A 10-inch tablet is more portable, but less functional than a 10-inch netbook, and that is just an issue. If portability and versatility are not benefits, then you may as well get a netbook. But in that case, you are just handicapping yourself – get a laptop. For computing in your comfort zones (home and office), nothing beats a desktop or laptop.

Again, you cannot use a netbook in your car, when you are driving, to replace your radio. You cannot use your netbook as a GPS device, and before you boot it, that argument over who was the Oba of Benin when the Portuguese came, which you wanted to refer to Wikipedia to settle, may well be over. The 10-inch size pretty much prevents all of this, even if you have an iPad. It is not useful in these places other than perhaps argument – but you cannot use it while driving, even as a GPS device, because it would block your screen.

Virtual keyboards are good for making quick notes, but when you really want to type, nothing beats a mechanical keyboard. Now, if you have to buy an external keyboard for your iPad, you may as well go out and get a netbook because one of its touted features, its weight, would no longer be an advantage.

Unless we can somehow break the laws of physics, one size can never quite do everything. Typing even with the blackberry’s keyboard can be a tiring experience, much less trying to do the same thing with a touch screen.

These gaps are what the new onslaught of seven-inch tablets want to try and fill, and this is probably what Mr. Jobs saw before making that statement. Almost as a rule, you do not attack something that does not bother you, so it is more than likely that the coming tablets do bother Apple.

You see, Apple’s 10-inch iPad is a little too heavy to use for long periods as a true mobile device. You cannot watch the entire length of Episode 8 of The Wire’s first season holding it in your hand, something you can do with a seven-inch tablet.

From my experience using Archos’s seven-inch tablet for the past one month now, that seven-inch size is where you actually reach that sweet spot, where you can use it not only in home or office (and you have a computer there already – making the 10-inch and larger devices of questionable benefit), but also bring it along with you and have practical applications in more portable settings – including car and the places you go in a car.

Simply put, size is not everything, and in the tablet wars, I am putting my hat in the ring on the side of seven-inches.

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PDP will scrutinise members on EFCC list

PDP will scrutinise members on EFCC list

The national leadership of the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP)
said yesterday that it will scrutinise the list of corrupt politicians on the
website of the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) to ensure that
those proven guilty are not given its ticket to contest for any position during
the forthcoming elections.

The party’s national publicity secretary, Rufa’i Ahmed Alkali,
who spoke to journalist last night after a meeting of the National Working
Committee, said it has not received any formal letter from the EFCC on the
matter, and that it will not take action based on newspapers reports since it
(party) is not a court of law.

The anti-graft agency reportedly listed the names of over 50
corrupt aspirants on its website. It also advised political parties not to
field them for any elective offices until they are cleared by the courts.

“What is important is that whatever that is be done has to be
done through a thorough work. Even though the names are there on the advisory
list, since we are not the court, it is not possible for us to pass judgement
whether somebody is guilty or not. That is why in the process of looking at all
the issues involved, there must be proper consultations and discussions at
every level so that everybody will be comfortable with the outcome,” Mr Alkali
said.

The PDP spokesperson noted that many members of the party will
be concerned about the list.

“When the EFCC which is the professional organ responsible for
this assignment issues a statement like this, many people will be concerned. We
should be able to calm them down to let them know that the party will not go
after their jugular just like that. So we want them to remain calm and continue
with their normal activities as party men and leaders.”

ANPP to checkmate the
move

The All Nigeria Peoples Party (ANPP) said it is not in
possession of the list of corrupt politicians reportedly sent to the political
parties.

A statement by the its spokesperson, Emma Eneukwu said the EFCC
action must be checked.

“The ANPP views as a throw-back to the pre-2007 election era
the purported submission of list of politicians tagged as corrupt by the EFCC
and a development that must be checkmated.

“The ANPP is not in possession of any list containing names of
its either former or serving elected public office holders and therefore
defends its members of allegation of corrupt practiceswhen nine of them have
been found guilty by the competent court of jurisdiction.”

The party however said it does not tolerate corruption in any
form.

“Much as we welcome any legal move that will ensure that politicians with
questionable character are not allowed to return to office to continue their
looting spree or seek refuge against prosecution, we are also against the
decision of the EFCC to raise allegations and seek to stop such alleged
politicians from further pursuing their political ambition.

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Police arrest pay officers over fraud

Police arrest pay officers over fraud

A shake up of the
Nigeria Police Force on Monday saw about 16 senior officers, including
the Force PRO Emmanuel Ojukwu, redeployed and another detained for
tampering with officer salaries.

NEXT, gathered that a
group of pay officers had tampered with the salary increases approved
for each cadre of the police personnel stalling the salary payment
process. The officers are accused of deducting up to N20,000 each from
the salaries of the rank and file, while the salaries of more senior
officers were muddled up in such a manner that it will be difficult to
confirm their actual take home pay.

According to police
sources, the officers connived with the commissioner of police in charge
of budget at the force headquarters to perpetrate the act, which has
been a common phenomenon in whenever there is an increase in officers’
salaries.

Other states affected in the scam include Kogi, Kwara, Nasarawa, Kaduna and Lagos.

An officer, who
spoke on condition of anonymity, said his salaries and allowances,
including three-month arrears, were far less than what his counterparts
in Abuja and other parts of the country were expecting.

“Well, I didn’t want to talk until I sign my voucher and collect [my salary],” he said.

“Some of my
colleagues in Abuja here have started writing their petitions that is
why they invited some of the pay officers from about seven states,
including Lagos State, to write statements.”

However, police are
denying the allegations. Yomi Ajayi, Chief Superintendent of Police and
acting force public relations officer, said his enquiry at the budget
office in Abuja revealed scams of any kind and dismissed the reports
‘rumour mongering’.

Officers redeployed
In a related development, the force public relations officer and
assistant commissioner of police, Emmanuel Ojukwu, and 14 other senior
officers have been redeployed from the force headquarters in Abuja to
other state commands and departments.

Mr Ojukwu has been
moved to Imo State as the officer in charge of the State Criminal
Investigations Department (SCID), Imo State Command, Owerri.

The redeployment
letter was signed by the Force Secretary, Suleiman Fakai on behalf of
the Inspector General of Police, Hafiz Ringim. The letter said that the
new postings were immediate. Mr Ojukwu is replaced by CSP Yomi Ajayi
becomes.

The redeployment affected eight deputy commissioners, three assistant
commissioners (ACPs) and four CSPs. It is the first major shake-up by
Mr. Ringim since his assumption of office in September.

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‘Credible elections should be the only the agenda’

‘Credible elections should be the only the agenda’

The governor of Ondo state, Olusegun Mimiko, has urged the
Independent Electoral Commission to speed up the process for a new voter’s
registration, saying it is the only means to have credible elections in the
country.

While speaking as the special guest of honour at an event
organised by the Campaign for Democracy, the governor said Nigeria’s
development depends on credible elections.

“If I am to give a three point agenda for Nigeria future, I
will say number one credible election, number two, credible election and number
three, credible election. For me, I don’t believe there is a short cut to it;
this Nigeria must rise and shine again.”

Mr Mimiko urged that stakeholders must ensure that there is
healthy internal democracy within all political parties, stating that, “issues
where people that are not even members of a political party emerges as the
aspirants should end. That has always been the beginning of the panic at every
election year.”

Getting it right

also giving a possibility of getting the conduct of election
right in the country again, the convener of the Save Nigeria Group and keynote
Speaker at the event, Tunde Bakare told the audience that the only means for
Nigerians to take charge of the country’s destiny is to understand the power of
their vote and be part of the coming voters’ registration to get one.

“If it is like a supreme sacrifice, and we must pay it. Until
we know the right thing and do it rightly, we cannot get it right. Until what
was wrong was put right and every Nigerian stand and be counted to have a fair,
free and credible election.” He said.

The Resident Electoral Commissioner for Lagos state, Adekunle
Ogunmola who got to know about the event while on a visit to the office of the
commissioner of Police Lagos state command, Marvel Akpoyibo, also had
accompanied Mr. Akpoyibo and urged the organisers to always ensure that he is
approached and invited for such event in the future.

Mr Ogunmola said Nigerians can take to Mr. Bakare’s advice on
not trusting INEC, believing that INEC is a body that comprises many
individuals, “so until we give what we promised. I only know myself, we can’t
speak for all of us.”

Speaking on a topic, “Security Environment for a free and fair
election,” Mr. Akpoyibo advised Nigerians to help the police by granting
information resource to help its work, claiming that the causes of crime has
always been every ones faults.

“Whenever there is a failure or a candidate has lost an election, of course
the police are always being held accountable, even those who lost lawfully and
those who lost unlawfully. Perhaps there is this fact, that if there has been
any failure in the past, it was a systemic failure.”

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Chief Judge reassigns Akingbola’s case

Chief Judge reassigns Akingbola’s case

The trial of the
former chief executive of Intercontinental Bank Plc, Erastus Akingbola,
did not start yesterday as expected as the Chief Judge of the Federal
High Court, Daniel Abutu, transferred it to a new judge.

The trial which was previously handled by Mohammed Idris will now be presided over by Charles Achibong.

Mr. Akingbola is standing trial over an alleged missing N364 billion linked to him by the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN).

The former CEO,
who returned to the country two months ago to clear his name over the
allegation of financial impropriety during his tenure as managing
director and CEO of Intercontinental Bank, was also in court yesterday
for the trial before his counsels were briefed about the change of
judge.

A counsel to Mr.
Akingbola, Felix Fagbohungbe, told journalists that no definite date has
been fixed for the trial as the prosecuting counsel were absent from
the trial.

Mr. Fagbohungbe, however said the court registrar would send hearing notices to the parties on the next adjourned date.

Meanwhile, Mr.
Akingbola has resolved to challenge the CBN on how it arrived at the
figures quoted as the amount allegedly misappropriated by him.

From the content
of the charge preferred against him by the Economic and Financial Crime
Commission (EFCC), funds movements as alleged are loans to companies
related to the directors of the banks, reclassified loan portfolio of
the bank; direct investments by the bank into the stock market and staff
performance bonuses.

Mr. Akingbola is
querying the connection of the funds to his name or companies in all the
reports produced by CBN, National Deposit Insurance Commission (NDIC)
or EFCC.

In his statement
of defence, Mr. Akingbola averred that the total amount reported to have
gone as loan to companies related to some directors of the bank is
about N40 billion, out of which N22.9 billion has been repaid with N17.1
billion outstanding but he was accused of permitting the amounts to be
outstanding.

The second
component of the figure in the charge amounting to N87.6 billion
represented the value of bank’s loan portfolio, where, the former bank
chief was accused of allowing this amount to be translated as commercial
paper, which according to the apex bank, understand the bank’s
non-performance loan portfolio.

The third
component of the charge comprises the various sums the bank invested in
the stock market, totalling N179.4 billion; Mr. Akingbola was accused of
approving the investment in order to boost the bank’s share price in
the stock market.

The balance of
about N39 billion out of the N346 billion quoted as misappropriated
represented various staff performance bonuses paid to bank’s staff over
several years which the apex bank considered inappropriate.

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Edo dissolves local council

Edo dissolves local council

The Edo State House of Assembly yesterday passed a resolution
to dissolve the 18 local government councils with immediate effect. This is
sequel to a letter from the state governor, Adams Oshiomhole, requesting the
House to dissolve the councils.

The motion was moved by the majority leader, Phillip Shaibu,
and was seconded by the deputy speaker, Paul Ohonbamu.

The council chairmen were directed to hand over all government
properties in their possession to the head of local government administration
in their respective areas, just as the accounts of the councils remain frozen
with immediate effect.

The constitution of the Edo State Independent Electoral
Commission (EDSIEC) by Mr. Oshiomhole last week was an indication that the local
councils might soon be scrapped to make way for another election.

Caught unawares

Many of the local government bosses were, however, caught
unawares. Interestingly, Mr. Godsent Akhabue of Esan West local government was
putting finishing touches to a programme for the commissioning of some projects
in his local council on Thursday.

The chairmen were elected in December 2007 during the
government of former governor, Oseriemen Osunbor.

In a swift reaction, the Edo State chairman of the Peoples
Democratic Party (PDP), Dan Orbih, faulted Mr. Oshiomhole’s action, describing
it as illegal and unconstitutional.

“I am not surprised by the illegal action of the governor
because from his behaviour and conduct he has shown he has no respect for the
constitution. He is used to taking arbitrary decisions,” Mr. Orbih said.

He called on Mr. Oshiomhole to rescind his decision, saying
that if the governor failed to do so, the PDP would call on the federal
government not to release the local government allocations meant for the state
until he returned the local government administrations back to the elected
officials to complete their tenure.

According to him, Section 7 of the Constitution guaranteed the
tenure of elected local governments. He also said there were three tiers of
government and that the laws that govern the three tiers must be respected.

“The man thrives in illegality. It is like the federal
government saying it has cut short the tenure of state governors. Has he asked
himself how he will feel if the federal government wakes up and dissolves his
administration?” Orbih further said.

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OBSERVATIONS: The long trip to Mali

OBSERVATIONS: The long trip to Mali

Here is a riddle. I
board a plane in Lagos, Nigeria at 7.30am. Thirteen hours and two plane
changes later, I finally arrive at my destination tired and dirty but
glad that the journey is finally over. So which city in this wide world
am I visiting? Is it Kuala Lumpur, Beijing, Doha, Dubai or some
far-flung exotic corner of the world? No, nothing like that, in fact my
plane hopping and many hours have not taken me beyond the West Africa
region. All of the travelling hours and the three plane rides have
taken me only as far as Bamako, Mali’s capital which is just some 900
miles or so from Lagos.

Anecdotal evidence
from friends had always suggested that travelling within the West
Africa region is a nightmare, but not having experienced it, I always
thought the stories were somewhat exaggerated; not anymore. In order to
visit Bamako, I first had to fly to Accra and wait a few hours, after
which I boarded another plane and made my way back, yes you read
correctly, back to Togo. Another four hours later, I was on another
plane heading to Niamey from which after a two-hour wait, I finally
embark on the final leg of my trip to Bamako.

This trip, if I were flying directly from Lagos to Bamako would have lasted no more than two hours.

The problem of a
lack of functioning infrastructure within the sub region is more than
an irritation; it comes with a heavy economic price, an inability to
maximise trade among the various countries in the sub region. Figures
available show that just 10 percent of total trade by Economic
Community of West Africa countries (ECOWAS) both imports and exports,
is to other West African nations.

Another example
that may bring home the seriousness of the problem is this, according
to EU figures ‘‘ Ghana sends less than 3% of its exports to neighboring
Benin (compared with 49% to the EU).

However, this is
not a problem that is peculiar to the sub-region, all across the
continent we are losing opportunities that can allow us to grow
economically because we lack the basic infrastructure to trade with
each other. Here is another example, this also taken from an EU
produced document, (sadly as with a lot of other things we rely on
others to tell us about ourselves) ‘‘ it costs as much to move a
container from Mombasa to Kampala as it does from Mombasa to Shanghai.’’

The total value of
trade between Africa and the EU in 2008 was EUR 278 billion; this is
for both imports and exports. Can you try and imagine the impact on the
continent if this level of trade was taking place among African
countries?

The wealth that will be created through job creation and other value added services would immediately transform our societies.

While it is true a
lot of unofficial trading takes place that is not captured by the
numbers, the informed consensus is that trade within African countries
is miniscule compared to trade with other regions.

It also pales in
significance when compared to the volume of trade among Western
European countries, which is 60 percent of their total trade.

The World Bank has
estimated that Africa has a population about 1 billion potential
consumers and says’’ it is a powerful engine for growth, employment and
intra-African trade, especially at a time when other markets are
contracting in the wake of the global financial crisis’’

But we are not
talking advantage of this. At various forums the obstacles to making
trade flourish have been identified and solutions proffered, yet we
seem to lack the will to implement the necessary measures.

The president of
Coca-Cola South Africa, William Egbe, is on the record as saying ‘‘ a
litany of measures aimed at curbing behind-the-border trade
constraints; improving trade facilitation and logistics and reforming
customs unions and other regional trade institutions continue to
languish in drawers, awaiting implementation’’.

This is tragic
because Africa does not need to look to any other place for the panacea
for poverty and many other ills. The solution is staring us in the
face. It is time to dust those documents that Mr. Egbe refers to and
begin to implement them, one item at a time. The difference this will
make will be immediate.

As for my arduous trip to Mali, it is

symptomatic of the
wider issues we face on this continent and these sorts of trips are
only one obstacle among many to flourishing trade among African
countries. If, however, we can start by tackling this one area by
making travel easy it would be a big first step. Let us build a decent
road/ rail network and encourage the setting up of airlines that will
offer cheap direct flights to major African cities. Sectors like
tourism would receive a boost. There are many like me who I am sure
would love to visit Mali if only to see the world heritage

sites in Timbuktu. As things stand, many won’t even be tempted to make the journey, as it is tedious and expensive.

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